diff --git a/accel/kvm/kvm-cpus.h b/accel/kvm/kvm-cpus.h
index bf0bd1bee4..33e435d62b 100644
--- a/accel/kvm/kvm-cpus.h
+++ b/accel/kvm/kvm-cpus.h
@@ -18,5 +18,8 @@ void kvm_destroy_vcpu(CPUState *cpu);
 void kvm_cpu_synchronize_post_reset(CPUState *cpu);
 void kvm_cpu_synchronize_post_init(CPUState *cpu);
 void kvm_cpu_synchronize_pre_loadvm(CPUState *cpu);
+int kvm_insert_breakpoint(CPUState *cpu, int type, hwaddr addr, hwaddr len);
+int kvm_remove_breakpoint(CPUState *cpu, int type, hwaddr addr, hwaddr len);
+void kvm_remove_all_breakpoints(CPUState *cpu);
 
 #endif /* KVM_CPUS_H */
diff --git a/gdbstub/internals.h b/gdbstub/internals.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..41e2e72dbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gdbstub/internals.h
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/*
+ * gdbstub internals
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Linaro Ltd
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#ifndef _INTERNALS_H_
+#define _INTERNALS_H_
+
+int gdb_breakpoint_insert(CPUState *cs, int type, hwaddr addr, hwaddr len);
+int gdb_breakpoint_remove(CPUState *cs, int type, hwaddr addr, hwaddr len);
+void gdb_breakpoint_remove_all(CPUState *cs);
+
+#endif /* _INTERNALS_H_ */
diff --git a/include/sysemu/accel-ops.h b/include/sysemu/accel-ops.h
index a0572ea87a..86794ac273 100644
--- a/include/sysemu/accel-ops.h
+++ b/include/sysemu/accel-ops.h
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #ifndef ACCEL_OPS_H
 #define ACCEL_OPS_H
 
+#include "exec/hwaddr.h"
 #include "qom/object.h"
 
 #define ACCEL_OPS_SUFFIX "-ops"
@@ -44,6 +45,11 @@ struct AccelOpsClass {
 
     int64_t (*get_virtual_clock)(void);
     int64_t (*get_elapsed_ticks)(void);
+
+    /* gdbstub hooks */
+    int (*insert_breakpoint)(CPUState *cpu, int type, hwaddr addr, hwaddr len);
+    int (*remove_breakpoint)(CPUState *cpu, int type, hwaddr addr, hwaddr len);
+    void (*remove_all_breakpoints)(CPUState *cpu);
 };
 
 #endif /* ACCEL_OPS_H */
diff --git a/include/sysemu/cpus.h b/include/sysemu/cpus.h
index b5c87d48b3..1bace3379b 100644
--- a/include/sysemu/cpus.h
+++ b/include/sysemu/cpus.h
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@
 /* register accel-specific operations */
 void cpus_register_accel(const AccelOpsClass *i);
 
+/* return registers ops */
+const AccelOpsClass *cpus_get_accel(void);
+
 /* accel/dummy-cpus.c */
 
 /* Create a dummy vcpu for AccelOpsClass->create_vcpu_thread */
diff --git a/include/sysemu/kvm.h b/include/sysemu/kvm.h
index a20ad51aad..21d3f1d01e 100644
--- a/include/sysemu/kvm.h
+++ b/include/sysemu/kvm.h
@@ -254,11 +254,6 @@ int kvm_on_sigbus(int code, void *addr);
 
 void kvm_flush_coalesced_mmio_buffer(void);
 
-int kvm_insert_breakpoint(CPUState *cpu, target_ulong addr,
-                          target_ulong len, int type);
-int kvm_remove_breakpoint(CPUState *cpu, target_ulong addr,
-                          target_ulong len, int type);
-void kvm_remove_all_breakpoints(CPUState *cpu);
 int kvm_update_guest_debug(CPUState *cpu, unsigned long reinject_trap);
 
 /* internal API */
diff --git a/accel/kvm/kvm-accel-ops.c b/accel/kvm/kvm-accel-ops.c
index c4244a23c6..5c0e37514c 100644
--- a/accel/kvm/kvm-accel-ops.c
+++ b/accel/kvm/kvm-accel-ops.c
@@ -16,12 +16,14 @@
 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
 #include "qemu/main-loop.h"
+#include "sysemu/kvm.h"
 #include "sysemu/kvm_int.h"
 #include "sysemu/runstate.h"
 #include "sysemu/cpus.h"
 #include "qemu/guest-random.h"
 #include "qapi/error.h"
 
+#include <linux/kvm.h>
 #include "kvm-cpus.h"
 
 static void *kvm_vcpu_thread_fn(void *arg)
@@ -95,6 +97,12 @@ static void kvm_accel_ops_class_init(ObjectClass *oc, void *data)
     ops->synchronize_post_init = kvm_cpu_synchronize_post_init;
     ops->synchronize_state = kvm_cpu_synchronize_state;
     ops->synchronize_pre_loadvm = kvm_cpu_synchronize_pre_loadvm;
+
+#ifdef KVM_CAP_SET_GUEST_DEBUG
+    ops->insert_breakpoint = kvm_insert_breakpoint;
+    ops->remove_breakpoint = kvm_remove_breakpoint;
+    ops->remove_all_breakpoints = kvm_remove_all_breakpoints;
+#endif
 }
 
 static const TypeInfo kvm_accel_ops_type = {
diff --git a/accel/kvm/kvm-all.c b/accel/kvm/kvm-all.c
index c55938453a..b8c734fe3a 100644
--- a/accel/kvm/kvm-all.c
+++ b/accel/kvm/kvm-all.c
@@ -3287,8 +3287,7 @@ int kvm_update_guest_debug(CPUState *cpu, unsigned long reinject_trap)
     return data.err;
 }
 
-int kvm_insert_breakpoint(CPUState *cpu, target_ulong addr,
-                          target_ulong len, int type)
+int kvm_insert_breakpoint(CPUState *cpu, int type, hwaddr addr, hwaddr len)
 {
     struct kvm_sw_breakpoint *bp;
     int err;
@@ -3326,8 +3325,7 @@ int kvm_insert_breakpoint(CPUState *cpu, target_ulong addr,
     return 0;
 }
 
-int kvm_remove_breakpoint(CPUState *cpu, target_ulong addr,
-                          target_ulong len, int type)
+int kvm_remove_breakpoint(CPUState *cpu, int type, hwaddr addr, hwaddr len)
 {
     struct kvm_sw_breakpoint *bp;
     int err;
@@ -3393,26 +3391,10 @@ void kvm_remove_all_breakpoints(CPUState *cpu)
 
 #else /* !KVM_CAP_SET_GUEST_DEBUG */
 
-int kvm_update_guest_debug(CPUState *cpu, unsigned long reinject_trap)
+static int kvm_update_guest_debug(CPUState *cpu, unsigned long reinject_trap)
 {
     return -EINVAL;
 }
-
-int kvm_insert_breakpoint(CPUState *cpu, target_ulong addr,
-                          target_ulong len, int type)
-{
-    return -EINVAL;
-}
-
-int kvm_remove_breakpoint(CPUState *cpu, target_ulong addr,
-                          target_ulong len, int type)
-{
-    return -EINVAL;
-}
-
-void kvm_remove_all_breakpoints(CPUState *cpu)
-{
-}
 #endif /* !KVM_CAP_SET_GUEST_DEBUG */
 
 static int kvm_set_signal_mask(CPUState *cpu, const sigset_t *sigset)
diff --git a/accel/stubs/kvm-stub.c b/accel/stubs/kvm-stub.c
index 2ac5f9c036..2d79333143 100644
--- a/accel/stubs/kvm-stub.c
+++ b/accel/stubs/kvm-stub.c
@@ -51,22 +51,6 @@ int kvm_update_guest_debug(CPUState *cpu, unsigned long reinject_trap)
     return -ENOSYS;
 }
 
-int kvm_insert_breakpoint(CPUState *cpu, target_ulong addr,
-                          target_ulong len, int type)
-{
-    return -EINVAL;
-}
-
-int kvm_remove_breakpoint(CPUState *cpu, target_ulong addr,
-                          target_ulong len, int type)
-{
-    return -EINVAL;
-}
-
-void kvm_remove_all_breakpoints(CPUState *cpu)
-{
-}
-
 int kvm_on_sigbus_vcpu(CPUState *cpu, int code, void *addr)
 {
     return 1;
diff --git a/accel/tcg/tcg-accel-ops.c b/accel/tcg/tcg-accel-ops.c
index 786d90c08f..965c2ad581 100644
--- a/accel/tcg/tcg-accel-ops.c
+++ b/accel/tcg/tcg-accel-ops.c
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@
 #include "qemu/main-loop.h"
 #include "qemu/guest-random.h"
 #include "exec/exec-all.h"
+#include "exec/hwaddr.h"
+#include "exec/gdbstub.h"
 
 #include "tcg-accel-ops.h"
 #include "tcg-accel-ops-mttcg.h"
@@ -91,6 +93,92 @@ void tcg_handle_interrupt(CPUState *cpu, int mask)
     }
 }
 
+/* Translate GDB watchpoint type to a flags value for cpu_watchpoint_* */
+static inline int xlat_gdb_type(CPUState *cpu, int gdbtype)
+{
+    static const int xlat[] = {
+        [GDB_WATCHPOINT_WRITE]  = BP_GDB | BP_MEM_WRITE,
+        [GDB_WATCHPOINT_READ]   = BP_GDB | BP_MEM_READ,
+        [GDB_WATCHPOINT_ACCESS] = BP_GDB | BP_MEM_ACCESS,
+    };
+
+    CPUClass *cc = CPU_GET_CLASS(cpu);
+    int cputype = xlat[gdbtype];
+
+    if (cc->gdb_stop_before_watchpoint) {
+        cputype |= BP_STOP_BEFORE_ACCESS;
+    }
+    return cputype;
+}
+
+static int tcg_insert_breakpoint(CPUState *cs, int type, hwaddr addr, hwaddr len)
+{
+    CPUState *cpu;
+    int err = 0;
+
+    switch (type) {
+    case GDB_BREAKPOINT_SW:
+    case GDB_BREAKPOINT_HW:
+        CPU_FOREACH(cpu) {
+            err = cpu_breakpoint_insert(cpu, addr, BP_GDB, NULL);
+            if (err) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return err;
+    case GDB_WATCHPOINT_WRITE:
+    case GDB_WATCHPOINT_READ:
+    case GDB_WATCHPOINT_ACCESS:
+        CPU_FOREACH(cpu) {
+            err = cpu_watchpoint_insert(cpu, addr, len,
+                                        xlat_gdb_type(cpu, type), NULL);
+            if (err) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return err;
+    default:
+        return -ENOSYS;
+    }
+}
+
+static int tcg_remove_breakpoint(CPUState *cs, int type, hwaddr addr, hwaddr len)
+{
+    CPUState *cpu;
+    int err = 0;
+
+    switch (type) {
+    case GDB_BREAKPOINT_SW:
+    case GDB_BREAKPOINT_HW:
+        CPU_FOREACH(cpu) {
+            err = cpu_breakpoint_remove(cpu, addr, BP_GDB);
+            if (err) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return err;
+    case GDB_WATCHPOINT_WRITE:
+    case GDB_WATCHPOINT_READ:
+    case GDB_WATCHPOINT_ACCESS:
+        CPU_FOREACH(cpu) {
+            err = cpu_watchpoint_remove(cpu, addr, len,
+                                        xlat_gdb_type(cpu, type));
+            if (err) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return err;
+    default:
+        return -ENOSYS;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline void tcg_remove_all_breakpoints(CPUState *cpu)
+{
+    cpu_breakpoint_remove_all(cpu, BP_GDB);
+    cpu_watchpoint_remove_all(cpu, BP_GDB);
+}
+
 static void tcg_accel_ops_init(AccelOpsClass *ops)
 {
     if (qemu_tcg_mttcg_enabled()) {
@@ -109,6 +197,10 @@ static void tcg_accel_ops_init(AccelOpsClass *ops)
             ops->handle_interrupt = tcg_handle_interrupt;
         }
     }
+
+    ops->insert_breakpoint = tcg_insert_breakpoint;
+    ops->remove_breakpoint = tcg_remove_breakpoint;
+    ops->remove_all_breakpoints = tcg_remove_all_breakpoints;
 }
 
 static void tcg_accel_ops_class_init(ObjectClass *oc, void *data)
diff --git a/gdbstub/gdbstub.c b/gdbstub/gdbstub.c
index a0755e6505..ff9f3f9586 100644
--- a/gdbstub/gdbstub.c
+++ b/gdbstub/gdbstub.c
@@ -49,8 +49,11 @@
 #include "sysemu/runstate.h"
 #include "semihosting/semihost.h"
 #include "exec/exec-all.h"
+#include "exec/hwaddr.h"
 #include "sysemu/replay.h"
 
+#include "internals.h"
+
 #ifdef CONFIG_USER_ONLY
 #define GDB_ATTACHED "0"
 #else
@@ -1012,130 +1015,16 @@ void gdb_register_coprocessor(CPUState *cpu,
     }
 }
 
-#ifndef CONFIG_USER_ONLY
-/* Translate GDB watchpoint type to a flags value for cpu_watchpoint_* */
-static inline int xlat_gdb_type(CPUState *cpu, int gdbtype)
-{
-    static const int xlat[] = {
-        [GDB_WATCHPOINT_WRITE]  = BP_GDB | BP_MEM_WRITE,
-        [GDB_WATCHPOINT_READ]   = BP_GDB | BP_MEM_READ,
-        [GDB_WATCHPOINT_ACCESS] = BP_GDB | BP_MEM_ACCESS,
-    };
-
-    CPUClass *cc = CPU_GET_CLASS(cpu);
-    int cputype = xlat[gdbtype];
-
-    if (cc->gdb_stop_before_watchpoint) {
-        cputype |= BP_STOP_BEFORE_ACCESS;
-    }
-    return cputype;
-}
-#endif
-
-static int gdb_breakpoint_insert(int type, target_ulong addr, target_ulong len)
-{
-    CPUState *cpu;
-    int err = 0;
-
-    if (kvm_enabled()) {
-        return kvm_insert_breakpoint(gdbserver_state.c_cpu, addr, len, type);
-    }
-
-    switch (type) {
-    case GDB_BREAKPOINT_SW:
-    case GDB_BREAKPOINT_HW:
-        CPU_FOREACH(cpu) {
-            err = cpu_breakpoint_insert(cpu, addr, BP_GDB, NULL);
-            if (err) {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        return err;
-#ifndef CONFIG_USER_ONLY
-    case GDB_WATCHPOINT_WRITE:
-    case GDB_WATCHPOINT_READ:
-    case GDB_WATCHPOINT_ACCESS:
-        CPU_FOREACH(cpu) {
-            err = cpu_watchpoint_insert(cpu, addr, len,
-                                        xlat_gdb_type(cpu, type), NULL);
-            if (err) {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        return err;
-#endif
-    default:
-        return -ENOSYS;
-    }
-}
-
-static int gdb_breakpoint_remove(int type, target_ulong addr, target_ulong len)
-{
-    CPUState *cpu;
-    int err = 0;
-
-    if (kvm_enabled()) {
-        return kvm_remove_breakpoint(gdbserver_state.c_cpu, addr, len, type);
-    }
-
-    switch (type) {
-    case GDB_BREAKPOINT_SW:
-    case GDB_BREAKPOINT_HW:
-        CPU_FOREACH(cpu) {
-            err = cpu_breakpoint_remove(cpu, addr, BP_GDB);
-            if (err) {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        return err;
-#ifndef CONFIG_USER_ONLY
-    case GDB_WATCHPOINT_WRITE:
-    case GDB_WATCHPOINT_READ:
-    case GDB_WATCHPOINT_ACCESS:
-        CPU_FOREACH(cpu) {
-            err = cpu_watchpoint_remove(cpu, addr, len,
-                                        xlat_gdb_type(cpu, type));
-            if (err)
-                break;
-        }
-        return err;
-#endif
-    default:
-        return -ENOSYS;
-    }
-}
-
-static inline void gdb_cpu_breakpoint_remove_all(CPUState *cpu)
-{
-    cpu_breakpoint_remove_all(cpu, BP_GDB);
-#ifndef CONFIG_USER_ONLY
-    cpu_watchpoint_remove_all(cpu, BP_GDB);
-#endif
-}
-
 static void gdb_process_breakpoint_remove_all(GDBProcess *p)
 {
     CPUState *cpu = get_first_cpu_in_process(p);
 
     while (cpu) {
-        gdb_cpu_breakpoint_remove_all(cpu);
+        gdb_breakpoint_remove_all(cpu);
         cpu = gdb_next_cpu_in_process(cpu);
     }
 }
 
-static void gdb_breakpoint_remove_all(void)
-{
-    CPUState *cpu;
-
-    if (kvm_enabled()) {
-        kvm_remove_all_breakpoints(gdbserver_state.c_cpu);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    CPU_FOREACH(cpu) {
-        gdb_cpu_breakpoint_remove_all(cpu);
-    }
-}
 
 static void gdb_set_cpu_pc(target_ulong pc)
 {
@@ -1667,7 +1556,8 @@ static void handle_insert_bp(GArray *params, void *user_ctx)
         return;
     }
 
-    res = gdb_breakpoint_insert(get_param(params, 0)->val_ul,
+    res = gdb_breakpoint_insert(gdbserver_state.c_cpu,
+                                get_param(params, 0)->val_ul,
                                 get_param(params, 1)->val_ull,
                                 get_param(params, 2)->val_ull);
     if (res >= 0) {
@@ -1690,7 +1580,8 @@ static void handle_remove_bp(GArray *params, void *user_ctx)
         return;
     }
 
-    res = gdb_breakpoint_remove(get_param(params, 0)->val_ul,
+    res = gdb_breakpoint_remove(gdbserver_state.c_cpu,
+                                get_param(params, 0)->val_ul,
                                 get_param(params, 1)->val_ull,
                                 get_param(params, 2)->val_ull);
     if (res >= 0) {
@@ -2541,7 +2432,7 @@ static void handle_target_halt(GArray *params, void *user_ctx)
      * because gdb is doing an initial connect and the state
      * should be cleaned up.
      */
-    gdb_breakpoint_remove_all();
+    gdb_breakpoint_remove_all(gdbserver_state.c_cpu);
 }
 
 static int gdb_handle_packet(const char *line_buf)
diff --git a/gdbstub/softmmu.c b/gdbstub/softmmu.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4e73890379
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gdbstub/softmmu.c
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * gdb server stub - softmmu specific bits
+ *
+ * Debug integration depends on support from the individual
+ * accelerators so most of this involves calling the ops helpers.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Linaro Ltd
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "exec/gdbstub.h"
+#include "exec/hwaddr.h"
+#include "sysemu/cpus.h"
+#include "internals.h"
+
+int gdb_breakpoint_insert(CPUState *cs, int type, hwaddr addr, hwaddr len)
+{
+    const AccelOpsClass *ops = cpus_get_accel();
+    if (ops->insert_breakpoint) {
+        return ops->insert_breakpoint(cs, type, addr, len);
+    }
+    return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+int gdb_breakpoint_remove(CPUState *cs, int type, hwaddr addr, hwaddr len)
+{
+    const AccelOpsClass *ops = cpus_get_accel();
+    if (ops->remove_breakpoint) {
+        return ops->remove_breakpoint(cs, type, addr, len);
+    }
+    return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+void gdb_breakpoint_remove_all(CPUState *cs)
+{
+    const AccelOpsClass *ops = cpus_get_accel();
+    if (ops->remove_all_breakpoints) {
+        ops->remove_all_breakpoints(cs);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/gdbstub/user.c b/gdbstub/user.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..42652b28a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gdbstub/user.c
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+ * gdbstub user-mode helper routines.
+ *
+ * We know for user-mode we are using TCG so we can call stuff directly.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Linaro Ltd
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "exec/hwaddr.h"
+#include "exec/gdbstub.h"
+#include "hw/core/cpu.h"
+#include "internals.h"
+
+int gdb_breakpoint_insert(CPUState *cs, int type, hwaddr addr, hwaddr len)
+{
+    CPUState *cpu;
+    int err = 0;
+
+    switch (type) {
+    case GDB_BREAKPOINT_SW:
+    case GDB_BREAKPOINT_HW:
+        CPU_FOREACH(cpu) {
+            err = cpu_breakpoint_insert(cpu, addr, BP_GDB, NULL);
+            if (err) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return err;
+    default:
+        /* user-mode doesn't support watchpoints */
+        return -ENOSYS;
+    }
+}
+
+int gdb_breakpoint_remove(CPUState *cs, int type, hwaddr addr, hwaddr len)
+{
+    CPUState *cpu;
+    int err = 0;
+
+    switch (type) {
+    case GDB_BREAKPOINT_SW:
+    case GDB_BREAKPOINT_HW:
+        CPU_FOREACH(cpu) {
+            err = cpu_breakpoint_remove(cpu, addr, BP_GDB);
+            if (err) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return err;
+    default:
+        /* user-mode doesn't support watchpoints */
+        return -ENOSYS;
+    }
+}
+
+void gdb_breakpoint_remove_all(CPUState *cs)
+{
+    cpu_breakpoint_remove_all(cs, BP_GDB);
+}
diff --git a/softmmu/cpus.c b/softmmu/cpus.c
index 23b30484b2..61b27ff59d 100644
--- a/softmmu/cpus.c
+++ b/softmmu/cpus.c
@@ -617,6 +617,13 @@ void cpus_register_accel(const AccelOpsClass *ops)
     cpus_accel = ops;
 }
 
+const AccelOpsClass *cpus_get_accel(void)
+{
+    /* broken if we call this early */
+    assert(cpus_accel);
+    return cpus_accel;
+}
+
 void qemu_init_vcpu(CPUState *cpu)
 {
     MachineState *ms = MACHINE(qdev_get_machine());
diff --git a/gdbstub/meson.build b/gdbstub/meson.build
index 6d4ae2d03c..fc895a2c39 100644
--- a/gdbstub/meson.build
+++ b/gdbstub/meson.build
@@ -1 +1,9 @@
+#
+# The main gdbstub still relies on per-build definitions of various
+# types. The bits pushed to softmmu/user.c try to use guest agnostic
+# types such as hwaddr.
+#
+
 specific_ss.add(files('gdbstub.c'))
+softmmu_ss.add(files('softmmu.c'))
+user_ss.add(files('user.c'))
